What to expect…

…from SMRs for developing countries?
A publication by Friederike Frieß and M V Ramana, PNAS Nexus, Volume 5, February 2026

Small modular nuclear reactors for developing countries: Expectations and evidence

Friederike Friess , Maha Siddiqui , M V Ramana

PNAS Nexus, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2026

Many developing countries have shown interest in acquiring nuclear power plants, particularly small modular reactors (SMRs). By analyzing presentations made by national representatives at International Atomic Energy Agency conferences, we identified 3 key expectations of SMRs expressed by many officials: that they generate electricity at low cost, that the design be demonstrated through operating experience elsewhere, and that there be potential for local manufacturing associated with the nuclear power project. However, based on the available evidence regarding SMR designs, we demonstrated that these expectations are unlikely to be fulfilled. SMRs do not benefit from economies of scale, unlike large nuclear power plants. Because electricity from large nuclear plants is expensive, SMRs will produce more costly power. Second, it is unrealistic to expect that SMRs will qualify as proven technology in the near future because of the very limited number of SMRs currently in operation or under construction. The performance of currently operating SMRs has also been underwhelming. Finally, the idea of local manufacturing conflicts with the proposed economic model of mass production. At the same time, the skilled local workforce needed to operate these reactors is not readily available in many newcomer countries.